Effect of marathon characteristics and runners' time category on pacing profile.

This study aimed to analyse differences in pacing profiles in four marathon competitions and to explore that pacing per time category. A database of 91,493 runners gathered from 4 different races was analysed (Valencia, Chicago, London and Tokyo Marathon). Participants were categorized in accordance with their completion time. The relative speed of each section for each runner was calculated as a percentage of the average speed for the entire race. In the four marathons studied, the first 5 km differed widely, presenting London the highest relative speeds (5 km: CI95% London vs. Valencia [12.1, 13.6%], p < 0.001 and ES = 2.1; London vs. Chicago [5.5, 7.1%], p < 0.001 and ES = 1.1; London vs. Tokyo [15.2, 16.8%], p < 0.001 and ES = 2.3). Races did not differ at each section for high-performance runners (sub-2:30), but differences between races increased as the time category increases (e.g. 35 km and sub-3:00: CI95% London vs. Tokyo [-3.1, -1.8%], p < 0.001 and ES = 0.7; 35 km and sub-5:00: London vs. Tokyo [-9.8, -9.2%], p < 0.001 and ES = 1.3). The difference in relative speed between the first and second half of the marathon was higher in London than in the other marathons (e.g. CI95% London vs. Valencia [10.3, 10.8%], p < 0.001 and ES = 1.3). In conclusion, although race characteristics affect pacing, this effect was higher as the category time increases. Race pacing characteristics should be taken into consideration for runners and coaches choosing the race and working on pacing strategies, for researches to extrapolate or interpret results, or for race organizations to improve its pacing characteristics.

Proposta de ordenamento de clubes e análise do perfil em competições eliminatórias / Propuesta de clasificación de clubes y análisis del perfil en competiciones eliminatorias / Club management proposal and profile analysis in eliminating competitions

OBJETIVO: Elaboração de um indicador de desempenho em competições eliminatórias a partir de dados técnicos presentes no jogo de futebol. MÉTODO: Este estudo foi composto de 650 jogos coletados em 5 temporadas, sendo 4 para a obtenção dos pesos e 1 para a aplicação da metodologia, 2017-2018. Obteve-se 32 variáveis técnicas e utilizou-se do modelo matemático MAVT (Multi-Atribute Value Theory) para a composição do ordenamento e valor da equipe. Após esta obtenção, possibilitou-se a realização de um perfil através de 6 atributos: Resultados, Finalização, Construção do Jogo, Recuperação da Posse, Proteção da Meta e Infrações. A comparação entre o ordenamento do estudo e a competição ocorreu através da ordem da competição por soma de pontos e pela classificação através das fases da competição. Em ambos os casos, aplicou-se o teste de Kendall-Tau. RESULTADO: Obteve-se os resultados de ordenamento de clubes e a comparação, que em ambos os casos, a correlação foi acima de 0.7, apresentando significância estatística em 0.01. Como equipe que obteve maior pontuação, destaca-se o Real Madrid com 71. Por fim, permite-se uma comparação entre os finalistas da competição através da análise de perfil, onde verificou-se superioridade da equipe campeã. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstrou-se satisfatório, pois obteve uma alta relação com os resultados encontrados na competição e possibilitou a obtenção do perfil de clubes para análise de seu estilo de jogo

OBJETIVO: Elaboración de un indicador de rendimiento en competiciones eliminatorias a partir de datos técnicos presentes en el juego de fútbol. MÉTODO: Este estudio fue compuesto de 650 juegos recogidos en 5 temporadas, siendo 4 para la obtención de los pesos y 1 para la aplicación de la metodología, 2017-2018. Se obtuvieron 32 variables técnicas y se utilizó del modelo matemático Multi-Atribute Value Theory para la clasificación y puntuación del equipo en la competición. Después de este cálculo, se confecciono un perfil a través de 6 atributos: Resultados, Finalización, Construcción del Juego, Recuperación de la Posesión, Protección de la Meta e Infracciones. La comparación entre la clasificación del estudio y la de la competición se realizo a través de la clasificación de la competición por suma de puntos y la clasificación a través de las fases de la competición. En ambos casos, se aplicó la prueba de Kendall-tau. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron los resultados de clasificación de los clubes y la comparación, en ambos casos, la correlación fue superior a 0.7, presentando significancia estadística en 0.01. Como equipo que obtuvo mayor puntuación, se destaca el Real Madrid con 71 puntos. Por último, se realizo una comparación entre los finalistas de la competición, a través del análisis de perfil, donde se verificó superioridad del equipo campeón. CONCLUSIÓN: El estudio se demostró satisfactorio, pues obtuvo una alta relación con los resultados encontrados en la competición y posibilitó la obtención del perfil de clubes para el análisis de su estilo de juego

OBJECTIVE: Elaboration of an indicator of performance in knockout competitions from technical data present in the soccer game. METHOD: This study was composed of 650 games collected in 5 seasons, 4 for obtaining the weights and 1 for the application of the methodology, 2017-2018. In this way, 32 technical variables were obtained and the Multi-Atribute Value Theory mathematical model was used to compose the ordering and value of the team in the competition. After this, it was possible to perform a profile through 6 attributes: Results, Finalization, Game Construction, Retention of Possession, Goal Protection and Offenses. The comparison between the order of the study and the competition occurred in two ways, the comparison with the order of the competition by sum of points and the classification through the phases of the competition. In both cases, the Kendall-Tau test was applied. RESULTS: The results of club organizing and their relation that, in both cases, the correlation was above 0.7, presenting statistical significance at 0.01. As the team that obtained the highest point, Real Madrid stand out with 71. Finally, a comparison between the finalists of the competition through profile analysis, where it was verified superiority of the champion team. CONCLUSION: The study was satisfactory, since it obtained a high relation with the results found in the competition and made it possible to obtain the profile of clubs to analyze their style of play

Defining Off-road Running: A Position Statement from the Ultra Sports Science Foundation.

Off-road running continues to grow in popularity, with differing event categories existing, and terminologies are often used interchangeably and without precision. Trail running, mountain running, skyrunning, fell running, orienteering, obstacle course racing and cross-country running all take place predominantly in off-road terrain. Ultramarathon running refers to any running event over marathon distance conducted in any terrain and surface. Although some overlap may exist between these running events, mainly through the common denominator of off-road terrain, distinct features need to be recognised. As scientific interest in these activities grows, it becomes important to clarify these terms and develop a universal language for discussing these events. Similarly, off-road running athletes are generally not properly defined within the scientific literature, which makes intra- and inter-study comparisons difficult. The current position statement of the Ultra Sports Science Foundation highlights the different off-road running events and recommends clear reference to distance, surface, elevation change and altitude, type of event (continuous vs. staged), type of support, name and year of the event, governing body, and guidance on terminology. We further recommend to describe off-road running athletes by basic data, physiological determinants, training and competition characteristics in the scientific literature in order to facilitate and guide further research and practice.

A machine learning approach for automatic detection and classification of changes of direction from player tracking data in professional tennis.

The purpose of this study was to develop an automated method for identifying and classifying change of direction (COD) movements in professional tennis using tracking data. Three sport science and strength and conditioning experts coded match-play footage of nineteen professional tennis players (9 male and 10 female) from the Australian Open Grand Slam for COD of medium and high intensity. A total of 1,494 changes were identified and aligned with 2D player position sampled at 25 Hz based on camera tracking data. Several machine learning classifiers were trained and tested on a set of 1,128 time-motion features. A random forest algorithm was found to have the best out-of-sample performance, classifying medium and high intensity changes with an F1-score of 0.729. This research offers a novel and applicable way for utilising player tracking data and machine learning techniques to automatically identify and classify COD movements in professional tennis.

Match Activities in Basketball Games: Comparison Between Different Competitive Levels.

Ferioli, D, Schelling, X, Bosio, A, La Torre, A, Rucco, D, and Rampinini, E. Match activities in basketball games: comparison between different competitive levels. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 172-182, 2020-This study examined the (a) differences in the activity demands of official basketball games between different competitive levels (from elite to amateur levels) among a large cohort of adult male players and (b) match-to-match variations of basketball physical demands. Video-based time-motion analysis (TMA) was performed to assess the players' physical activity among 136 players. Match-to-match variations were determined analyzing 2 consecutive matches of the same level on 35 players. The frequency of occurrence (n per minutes) and the duration in percentage of playing time were calculated for high-intensity activity (HIA), moderate-intensity activity (MIA), low-intensity activity (LIA), and recovery (REC). Division I performed an almost certain greater number of HIA, MIA, and total actions per minutes of playing time compared with Division II that performed similarly to Division III. Division VI performed a likely-to-very likely lower number of LIA, MIA, and total actions per minute compared with Division III. Division I spent almost certain greater playing time competing in HIA and MIA compared with lower divisions. Time spent at REC was very likely greater in Division VI compared with all other Divisions. The frequency of occurrence was less reliable than percentage duration of game activities. Matches of different competitive levels are characterized by different physical activities. The ability to sustain greater intermittent workloads and HIA, and the ability to quickly recover from high-intensity phases during competitions should be considered as key components of basketball. The match-to-match variations values observed in this study might be useful to correctly interpret individual TMA data.

Meta-analysis and scientific mapping of well-beingand job performance

In this article, we present a meta-analysis and a scientific mapping about the relationship between different types of well-being and job performance. We followed The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses (Moher et al., 2009), and conduct the search in Web of Science, SCOPUS, Ebscohost, Proquest, and Jstor databases. We identified 43 studies from 1994 to early 2020 that represent 45 independent samples, 34,221 participants, and 77 correlations between four types of well-being and six of job performance. Meta-analysis results show that are different forms of relations between types and there is not only one form to explain the happy-productive worker hypothesis. The scientific mapping shows that there are seven clusters of topics about well-being and job performance in the Web of Science base articles: (I) Burnout and axiety, (II) Stress and depression, (III) Individual resources, (IV) Work context, (V) Work engagement and commitment, (VI) Justice, and (VII) Human resources practices. We organize the topics from each cluster in the different groups of variables of the contextual model of individual work, well-being and performance (van Veldhoven & Peccei, 2015) to explain their impact in well-being and job performance. We included the observations of our analysis and identified the future key directions for the field

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Influencia del resultado en las demandas de carga externa durante la competición oficial en baloncesto formación / Game outcome influence in external load demands in youth male basketball during official competition / Influência dos resultados sobre a demanda de carga externa em basquetebol júnior masculino durante a concorrência oficial

El estudio de las relaciones entre el marcador final y la eficacia técnico-táctica de jugadores y equipos está muy extendido, pero no existen aún suficientes evidencias sobre si este fenómeno influye directamente en las demandas de carga externa durante la competición. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar la influencia del marcador parcial en cada uno de los períodos de juego en las demandas de carga externa que presentan los jugadores de baloncesto formación. 96 jugadores de baloncesto sub-18 de nivel élite masculino pertenecientes a 8 equipos fueron registrados durante 13 partidos de la fase final del Adidas Next Generation Tournament 16-17 mediante dispositivos inerciales WIMU PROTM (RealTrack Systems, Almería, España) obteniendo el análisis tiempo-movimiento en estadios cubiertos a través de tecnología de ultra-banda ancha (UWB). La prueba estadística T-Student de muestras independientes junto con el tamaño del efecto a través de la d de Cohen fueron utilizados para el análisis diferencial en relación al marcador parcial: (a) igualado (<10 puntos) y (b) desigualado (>10 puntos). Se encuentran diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todas las variables de carga externa analizadas, siendo las exigencias cinemáticas mayores en los Partidos Desigualados (p>0.01; t=2.59-3.31; d=0.48-0.62), encontrando las mayores diferencias en la variable Impactos en todos sus rangos (3-5G, 5-8G, >8G). En conclusión, el marcador es un elemento determinante en la carga externa que soportan los jugadores durante los partidos oficiales. Por tanto, es necesario reproducir estas situaciones durante los entrenamientos para someter a los jugadores a estímulos semejantes a los que se producen en la competición

The analysis between the match status and the technical-tactical effectiveness of players and teams is very widespread. Instead, it has not enough evidence whether this phenomenon directly influences the external load demands during the competition. The objective of the present study is to analyse the influence of game outcome in the external load demands performed by youth male basketball players. 96 elite-level male U'18 basketball players of eight teams were registered during 13 matches of the Adidas Next Generation Tournament16-17 final round using WIMU PROTMinertial devices through ultra-wide band (UWB) tracking technology. The T-Student statistical test of independent samples with Cohen's d effect size were used for the comparison analysis in relation to the game outcome: (a) balanced(<10 points) and (b) unbalanced (>10 points). Statistically significant differences were found in the external load variables analysed. The higher load demands were performed in unbalancedmatches (p<.01; t=1.93-3.32; d=0.42-0.64), finding the greatest differences in impacts at all intensities (3-5G, 5-8G,> 8G). In conclusion, the score has a direct influence in the external load during official matches. Therefore, it is necessary to reproduce these situations during training to face the players with similar stimuli to the competition

O estudo da relação entre o escore final e a eficácia técnico-tática de jogadores e equipes é generalizado, mas ainda não há evidências suficientes sobre se esse fenômeno influencia diretamente as demandas externas de carga durante a competição. O objetivoda presente investigação foi analisar a influência do marcador parcial em cada um dos períodos de jogo nas demandas de carga externa apresentadas pelos jogadores júnior masculino de basquetebol. 96 jogadores sub-18 homens pertencentes a oito equipes de basquete de nível elite foram registrados durante 13 jogos da fase final do Adidas Next Generation Tournament 16-17 por dispositivos inerciais WIMU PROTM(RealTrack Sistemas, Almeria, Espanha), obter a análise do tempo-movimento em estádios cobertos por tecnologia de ultra-banda larga(UWB). Os testes estatísticos T-Studentpara amostras independentes com o tamanho do efeito através de d de Cohen foram utilizados para a análise diferencial em relação a pontuação parcial: (a) equilibrado(<10 pontos) e (b) nãoequilibrado(> 10 pontos). As diferenças estatisticamente significativas foram encontradas em todas as variáveis analisadas da carga externa, com as mais elevadas exigências sobre jogos com resultado não equilibrado(p<.01; t=1.93-3.32; d=0.42-0.64), encontrando as principais diferenças nos impactos as todas suas gamas (3-5G, 5-8G,> 8G). Em conclusão, a pontuação é um fator determinante na carga externa que os jogadores suportam durante as partidas oficiais. Portanto, é necessário reproduzir essas situações durante o treinamento para submeter os jogadores a estímulos semelhantes aos que ocorrem na competição

Running patterns for male and female competitive and recreational runners based on accelerometer data.

The purpose of this study was to classify runners in sex-specific groups as either competitive or recreational based on center of mass (CoM) accelerations. Forty-one runners participated in the study (25 male and 16 female), and were labeled as competitive or recreational based on age, sex, and race performance. Three-dimensional acceleration data were collected during a 5-minute treadmill run, and 24 features were extracted. Support vector machine classification models were used to examine the utility of the features in discriminating between competitive and recreational runners within each sex-specific subgroup. Competitive and recreational runners could be classified with 82.63 % and 80.4 % in the male and female models, respectively. Dominant features in both models were related to regularity and variability, with competitive runners exhibiting more consistent running gait patterns, but the specific features were slightly different in each sex-specific model. Therefore, it is important to separate runners into sex-specific competitive and recreational subgroups for future running biomechanical studies. In conclusion, we have demonstrated the ability to analyze running biomechanics in competitive and recreational runners using only CoM acceleration patterns. A runner, clinician, or coach may use this information to monitor how running patterns change as a result of training.

Scoring analysis of the men's 2014, 2015 and 2016 world championship tour of surfing: the importance of aerial manoeuvres in competitive surfing.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of aerial manoeuvres on scoring in professional surfing. 23,631 waves were analysed for the number and types of aerial manoeuvres performed from the 2014, 2015 and 2016 Men's World Championship Tour. Additionally, the awarded score, timing and order of the aerial was also analysed. Descriptive statistics and Two Way ANOVA's were performed with Sidak Multiple Comparisons Post Hoc analysis. Results were a significantly higher score being awarded (P ≤ 0.0001) when including an aerial in competition across all three seasons. In 2015 surfers were awarded a significantly larger score when performing an air reverse, compared to 2014 (P = 0.0002) and 2016 (P = 0.0057). Surfers were also awarded a higher score for the full rotation aerial in 2015 compared to 2014 (P = 0.0177). In 2015 surfers performing forehand aerials were awarded a greater score than in 2016 (P = 0.0113). The timing of the aerial and score awarded was significantly greater in 2015 as opposed to 2014 when the aerial was their final manoeuvre (P < 0.0001) and when surfers timed the aerial performance early within the heat (P = 0.0027). If a surfer incorporates an aerial manoeuvre during competition, generally speaking, they will be awarded a significantly higher score.

Sibling dynamics and sport expertise.

Family members are known to be highly influential in the development of sport expertise. To date, much of the research in this area has focused on parents, with less known about sibling influences on expertise. This investigation explored associations between sport expertise, sibling characteristics, and sibling participation in sport and physical activity. Athletes representing three skill levels provided details of sibling characteristics and participation in sport and physical activity via the Developmental History of Athletes Questionnaire. Elite athletes were more likely to be later-born children, while pre-elite and non-elite athletes were more likely to be first-born. Compared with siblings of non-elite athletes, siblings of elite athletes were more likely to have participated in regular physical activity and were more likely to have participated in sport at the pre-elite and elite levels. These results suggest siblings may play a key role in sport expertise development.

Activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby players during competition.

PURPOSE: To quantify the activity profiles of elite wheelchair rugby (WCR) players and establish classification-specific arbitrary speed zones. In addition, indicators of fatigue during full matches were explored. METHODS: Seventy-five elite WCR players from 11 national teams were monitored using a radio-frequency-based, indoor tracking system across 2 international tournaments. Players who participated in complete quarters (n = 75) and full matches (n = 25) were included and grouped by their International Wheelchair Rugby Federation functional classification: groups I (0.5), II (1.0-1.5), III (2.0-2.5), and IV (3.0-3.5). RESULTS: During a typical quarter, significant increases in total distance (m), relative distance (m/min), and mean speed (m/s) were associated with an increase in classification group (P < .001), with the exception of groups III and IV. However, group IV players achieved significantly higher peak speeds (3.82 ± 0.31 m/s) than groups I (2.99 ± 0.28 m/s), II (3.44 ± 0.26 m/s), and III (3.67 ± 0.32 m/s). Groups I and II differed significantly in match intensity during very-low/low-speed zones and the number of high-intensity activities in comparison with groups III and IV (P < .001). Full-match analysis revealed that activity profiles did not differ significantly between quarters. CONCLUSIONS: Notable differences in the volume of activity were displayed across the functional classification groups. However, the specific on-court requirements of defensive (I and II) and offensive (III and IV) match roles appeared to influence the intensity of match activities, and consequently training prescription should be structured accordingly.

Susceptibility to eating disorders among collegiate female student-athletes.

CONTEXT: Research has suggested that the prevalence of young women with eating disorders (EDs) is increasing, but determining the exact prevalence of EDs within the female student-athlete (FS-A) population is difficult. Looking at certain traits may help us to identify their level of susceptibility to developing an ED. OBJECTIVE: To determine the susceptibility of FS-As to EDs in relation to self-concept, including self-esteem and body image. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Athletic training and health centers at National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I, II, and III institutions via e-mail questionnaire correspondence. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: A total of 439 FS-As from 17 participating institutions completed the questionnaires. The sample was primarily white (83.1%) and underclass (61.8%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The questionnaire consisted of 4 parts: 3 subscales of the Eating Disorder Inventory-2, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Body Cathexis Scale, and demographic items. RESULTS: A total of 6.8% of FS-As were susceptible to anorexia and 1.8% were susceptible to bulimia. The majority of FS-As (61%) reported normal self-esteem levels, whereas 29.4% had high self-esteem. Overall, 64.5% were satisfied and 23% were very satisfied with their body image. CONCLUSIONS: These results are generally positive in that they suggest FS-As have high levels of self-concept and are at low risk to develop EDs. However, these findings do not mean that all concerns should be dismissed. Although more than 90% of the respondents were not susceptible to an ED, there are still FS-As who may be. Athletic departments should evaluate their FS-As' levels of self-concept so that their susceptibility to EDs can be addressed. The emotional aspect of health care should be included in providing holistic care for student-athletes. Athletic trainers often are the primary health care providers for FS-As, so they should be made aware of this concern.

Adaptación y validación de la versión española de la Escala de Ansiedad Competitiva SAS-2 para deportistas de iniciación / Adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale SAS-2 for young athletes

El objetivo de este estudio es diseñar una versión adaptada al español de la Escala de Ansiedad Competitiva (SAS-2). El cuestionario, elaborado originalmente por el grupo de investigación en psicología del deporte de la Universidad de Washington para evaluar la ansiedad en deportistas de iniciación, ha sido traducido y adaptado siguiendo el protocolo APA y se han evaluado sus propiedades psicométricas mediante análisis de consistencia interna, análisis factorial confirmatorio y evidencias en favor de la validez. La versión española de la Escala de Ansiedad Competitiva ha mostrado buenos coeficientes de fiabilidad en todas sus subescalas y su estructura factorial ha replicado fielmente la obtenida por la medida original. Los resultados apuntan que la versión adaptada del cuestionario es una medida adecuada y válida para la evaluación de la ansiedad en deportistas en etapa de iniciación (AU)

The aim of this study is to design a Spanish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale (SAS-2). The questionnaire, originally developed by the Washington University research group in sport psychology to evaluate anxiety in young athletes, was translated and adapted following the APA protocol and its psychometric properties were assessed through internal consistency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and validity evidence. The Spanish version of the Sport Anxiety Scale has revealed good internal consistency indexes in each subscale and its factor structure has faithfully replicated the one obtained in the original measure. Results indicate that the adapted version of the questionnaire is an adequate and valid measure for the assessment of anxiety in young athletes(AU)

Competition: a social marketer's friend or foe?

In public health social marketing, is there such a thing as "healthy competition," or is the term an oxymoron? The primary focus of this article is on a type of competition that may not often be considered by public health social marketers--competition from other marketing activities that exist in the marketplace in which your intervention is operating. This could also be termed "promotion" competition. The purpose of this article is to briefly review promotion competition and then review competitive factors that can impact a social marketing initiative's success, examine how to conduct a useful competitive analysis, and offer strategies for maximizing the benefits and minimizing the negative implications of competition on your efforts.

[Sports injuries, sports damages and diseases of world class athletes practicing modern pentathlon]. / Verletzungen, Schäden und Erkrankungsmuster bei Modernen Fünfkämpfer(inne)n der Weltklasse.

108 world class athletes (54 males, 54 females) practicing modern pentathlon had been interviewed about their individual training and competition efforts as well as their sports related injuries, damages and diseases in the last world cup season using a standardized empirical questionnaire. The mean training extent was about 25 hours per week, the mean number of national and international competitions athletes made was 9, especially concerning swimming and running. Mean number of health threatening incidents of each athlete had been 2 with 41% diseases such as otitis and pharyngitis, 23% injuries such as contusions and distortions and 33% damages such as tendinitis, periostitis and strains. Head and neck involvement were more frequent than those of pelvis and the lower extremities. Training efforts were the most frequent reasons for health threatening events (84%), especially concerning diseases and damages, whereas most of the injuries happened during competitions (p<.01). Most of the injuries happened practicing horse riding during competitions (9%). Running was the most frequent reason for damages, whereas horse riding is the leading cause for injuries, furthermore damages and injuries are typical for fencing. Swimming is often associated with diseases. In contrary shooting did not show typically affiliated health threatening events. The incidence of health threatening incidents concerning world class athletes practicing modern pentathlon is quite low. Especially running and swimming combined with a high training extent empirically predisposed to suffer from damages and diseases. Horse riding with a quite low training extent and fencing show a higher incidence of injuries. From the training-methodological point of view the training extent should not be too extended. Due to a high number of diseases it may be profitable to be in attendance of an inner medicine physician.

Expertise in women's gymnastic judging: an observational approach.

Observation was used to study expertise in gymnastic judging. 10 expert and 10 novice gymnastic judges were videotaped while judging at actual competitions. Analyses showed that novice judges, as compared to expert judges, spent less time looking at the gymnast perform, spent more time looking at the scoring paper, and were less able to engage in the dual-task demands required in gymnastic judging.